Defining Poverty in America :: Urban Decay, Urban Poor

Poverty is an meaning(a) and emotional issue. Last year, the Census representation released its annual report on poverty in the United States declaring that there were closely 35 million despicable persons living in this country in 2002, a sm totally increase from the preceding year. To understand poverty in America, it is important to look behind these numbers--to look at the actual living conditions of the individuals the government deems to be poor.For most Americans, the word poverty suggests destitution an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. But only a small number of the 35 million persons classified as poor by the Census Bureau fit that description. While real material hardship certainly does occur, it is limited in scope and severity. Most of Americas poor live in material conditions that would be judged as comfortable or well-off just a few generations ago. Today, the expenditures per person of the lowest-income one-fifth (or quintile) of households equal those of the median American household in the earlyish 1970s, after adjusting for inflation.1The following are facts about persons defined as poor by the Census Bureau, taken from various government reports- Forty-six portion of all poor households actually ingest their own homes. The average home owned by persons classified as poor by the Census Bureau is a three-bedroom house with one-and-a-half baths, a garage, and a porch or patio. - Seventy-six part of poor households ca-ca air conditioning. By contrast, 30 years ago, only 36 percent of the entire U.S. population enjoyed air conditioning. - Only 6 percent of poor households are overcrowded. More than two-thirds have more than two rooms per person. - The average poor American has more living space than the average individual living in Paris, London, Vienna, Athens, and other cities throughout Europe. (These comparisons are to the average citizens in foreign countries, non to those classif ied as poor.) - Nearly three-quarters of poor households own a car 30 percent own two or more cars. - Ninety-seven percent of poor households have a color television over half own two or more color televisions. - Seventy-eight percent have a VCR or DVD player 62 percent have cable or satellite TV reception. - Seventy-three percent own microwave ovens, more than half have a stereo, and a third have an automatic dishwasher. As a group, Americas poor are far from beingness chronically undernourished. The average consumption of protein, vitamins, and minerals is virtually the same for poor and middle-class children and, in most cases, is well above recommended norms.

The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism Essay -- Papers

The Mexican War as an Exercise in American Imperialism The US government believed firmly in the principle of Manifest destiny, the government argued that they had the right and duty to expand through North American because it was necessary and inevitable. During the 19th century Mexico dominated a large numerate of North America which was inhabited by American settlers and the American government aimed to expand the USA from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and were ready to obtain this by any means. The American government saw the lands of Texas and California as grand prizes with the opportunity of lush agricultural prospect and the possibility of a opening to the Pacific Ocean. The lands though belonged to the nation of Mexico, which seen by the Americans was a backward nation and did not deserve to have the lands. President James Polk intended to use exuberant extent of his power to expand America and he devoted his time during his reign as President in negotiations with Mexico over the lands of California. Yet Mexico refused to give outdoor(a) the land and yet it had such a weak economy and could use the money that President Polk was offering them to rebuild the economy and develop the nation. But the Mexican government still did not intend to sell the land because it would not be popular with the people if the nation shrink half in size of it and also because of the rivalry that was associated with Americans and Mexicans. So President Polk was left with no choice but to provoke the Mexicans to war, General Zachary Taylor was sent to a disputed region in the midst of Mexico and US with 4000 troops. Polk was anxious to start war but did not intend ... ...the Mexicans had dishonored his country and in order to defend his nation he needed to attack Mexico. Thus it can be said that America did not force Mexico into war but Mexico forced America to war and thus America reacted to the Mexican aggression by taking the lands of California and Texas justly. Although it is easy to see that America did in some way force Mexico into a war the Mexicans did attack frontmost and the Americans had the right to wage a war upon Mexico. Thus concluding the statement it can be said America did use the Mexican war to signal off their military power and policy of Manifest Destiny and thus was an exercise in American imperialism. Yet it was the Mexicans who attacked first and who forced America to drive back thus the Mexican war was not an exercise in American imperialism but in American defence.

Integrating Women into the World Economy Essay -- Economics Females E

Integrating Women into the World Economy Introduction On November 9, 1989, the worlds economy changed dramatically. The get off of the Berlin wall produced a new world order which enabled states to connect on political, economic, and social levels with nations that were previously inaccessible to the western world. This created an interaction across national boundaries. The aside two decades have seen the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide, including an increased volume of cross-border transactions of goods and services, international capital flows, and most importantly, the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology (Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 1999). The airplane hijackings in America on September 11, 2001 further proved that the world had changed. From that day forward, all nations possessed the abilities to walkover a role in outsourcing and technology sharing. New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman illustrated this point in the book The World Is Flat when he give tongue to that economic power sources are no longer monopolized by prosperous developed nations, but instead by a flattened, equal playing landing field for all countries. There are numerous illustrations used by Friedman, including the fact that all the worlds computer parts come from the same leave chain that runs from Korea, down through coastal China, over to Taiwan and down to Malaysia (Friedman). With the influx of development in the global arena, opportunities for jobs and sustainability have also increased, especially in developing nations with resources to contribute to global production. Such positions and opportunities have been filled mainly by citizens who have been granted educational opportuniti... ...nomics. United Nations Development Fund for Women. 23 April 2007 Regional Symposium on Gender Mainstreaming into Economic Policies. 28-30 January 2004. United Nations Economic Commission for Euro pe. The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women. September 2005. Beijing syllabus for Action. 20 April 2007. What Are the Millennium Development Goals? 2005. UN Development Goals. 20 April 2007. Women and the Economy. UNFPA Working to Empower Women. 23 April 2007. - Women and the Economy.htm

Teen Workers Essay -- essays research papers

puerile WorkersFifteen years old and laming seems to be becoming a norm and in fact on that point are many jejuners younger than fifteen who are already running(a) at remunerativejobs. Some of these students are as young as 12 years old.More than half of the secondary school students shoot paying jobs. Thisnumber grows separately grade level the student goes up. The number of hours alsorises along with the grade level. The kind of job varies depending on the sexof the child. Boys tend to deliver newspapers and girls tend to babysit. Asthe teens grow older the job interest change with teenage girls turning torestaurants and retail outlets, while the boys will work in the family business, restaurants and other intellectual nourishment related businesses. The hours that the kids haveto chose from are usually form 6a.m. to 8a.m delivering newspapers and 8p.m to6a.m. for babysitting. more or less other jobs are scheduled 3pm till 10pm during theweek while weekend jobs tend to ha ve schedules of 7 to 8 hours per day.The Higher Education Board says that working more than 15 hours a weekis bad for the academic career . As the work hours increase the study timedecreases. Current research finds that a work schedule of 10 hours or lessseems to be the best and for most teenagers a schedule of 10 hours does noteffect their academic performance, in negative ways but in fact seems to helpthem do better in school shown by improved grades. Those teens working 10 to15 hours per week are in a toss up situation with some doing... Teen Workers Essay -- essays research papers Teen WorkersFifteen years old and working seems to be becoming a norm and in factthere are many teenagers younger than fifteen who are already working at payingjobs. Some of these students are as young as 12 years old.More than half of the secondary school students have paying jobs. Thisnumber grows each grade level the student goes up. The number of hours alsorises along with the grade level. The kind of job varies depending on the sexof the child. Boys tend to deliver newspapers and girls tend to babysit. Asthe teens grow older the job interest change with teenage girls turning torestaurants and retail outlets, while the boys will work in the family business, restaurants and other food related businesses. The hours that the kids haveto chose from are usually form 6a.m. to 8a.m delivering newspapers and 8p.m to6a.m. for babysitting. Most other jobs are scheduled 3pm till 10pm during theweek while weekend jobs tend to have schedules of 7 to 8 hours per day.The Higher Education Board says that working more than 15 hours a weekis bad for the academic career . As the work hours increase the study timedecreases. Current research finds that a work schedule of 10 hours or lessseems to be the best and for most teenagers a schedule of 10 hours does noteffect their academic performance, in negative ways but in fact seems to helpthem do better in school shown by improved gr ades. Those teens working 10 to15 hours per week are in a toss up situation with some doing...

Freedmans Bureau :: essays research papers

The Freedmans BureauThe Freedmans Bureau was set up after(prenominal) the Civil War even though it went against three main traditional values of the time. The first being limited government, which mean that the government could and could not do certain things. It also was the basis for the idea of the governments power being limited. The second was sanctity of private property. At this time you made your take in money to buy land and it was your land that no one could take away from you. The government did not give handouts. The last was self-help, which meant that if you had problems, and then you and only you work out them. It also made the people question welfare, unemployment, and government aid, and their simple solution was not to have it.The bureau however had its success and failures contrary to these fundamental ideas. one(a) of the main successes was the education program that the bureau set up. By 1870 there were over 150,000 African Americans enrolled in these school s. Many of the schools set up still stand and educate many today even. Three of the main failures of the bureau came about because of the hatred in the south, and the anti-black attitude. The first being the land that was sibyllic to be given to the freed men after the civil war, never happened because the land was given back to the plantation owners. The second was the labor contracts, they began as a mature idea, but the contracts were often unfair. They were set up to determine wages, clothing, and medical care, often it was made to be worse than slavery was. The final unsuccessful part was the legal system of the bureau. Over time it became rather unfair and was the main cause for the labor contracts to be so harsh. The other blame of the failure can be linked to the attitude of southerners.The southerners did not see blacks as equals. They would fight to the end to keep the blacks lower than them.

Freedmans Bureau :: essays research papers

The Freedmans BureauThe Freedmans Bureau was watch up after the Civil War even though it went against tierce main traditional values of the time. The first being limited presidential term, which mean that the governance could and could not do certain things. It also was the basis for the idea of the governments power being limited. The second was sanctity of private property. At this time you made your own money to buy land and it was your land that no one could take away from you. The government did not give handouts. The last was self-help, which meant that if you had problems, and then you and only you solved them. It also made the people question welfare, unemployment, and government aid, and their simple solution was not to have it.The bureau however had its success and failures contrary to these fundamental ideas. One of the main successes was the education program that the bureau set up. By 1870 there were over 150,000 African Americans enrolled in these schools. Many of the schools set up still stand and educate many immediately even. Three of the main failures of the bureau came about because of the hatred in the south, and the anti-black attitude. The first being the land that was supposed to be given to the freed men after the polite war, never happened because the land was given back to the plantation owners. The second was the labor contracts, they began as a good idea, but the contracts were often unfair. They were set up to look wages, clothing, and medical care, often it was made to be worse than slavery was. The final unsuccessful part was the judicial system of the bureau. Over time it became rather unfair and was the main cause for the labor contracts to be so harsh. The other blame of the failure can be linked to the attitude of southerners.The southerners did not see blacks as equals. They would fight to the end to keep the blacks lower than them.

The Real Romeo and Juliet

The Real Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is well known throughout the world. However, there ar some half truths throughout the story. These include the accurate author who happens to date back before Shakespeares birth. Also, some parts of his adaption are mistaken. Romeo and Juliet, the world celebrated play, isnt merely a tale its a real life story. Romeo and Juliet were not quite the people that Shakespeare portrayed in the play. Juliet is depicted as a 13 year old girl, while in truth she was 16 years old.Shakespeare made her two-year-older to present her as a young girl who is suddenly awakened to love. (Romeo and Juliet Study Guide) Although some aspects of the true story were changed, others were kept spot on. Romeo and Juliet lived in Verona, Italy. At such an early age, they fell madly in love. However, the family of each lover happened to be sworn rivals. With parents and potions tearing at the love struck teens heart-strings, Romeo and Juliet proved true the moral o f the story. Each moment sincerely yours made for a very dramatic and irrational ending.Love truly does withstand the tests of time. Shakespeare is very famous for his works of Hamlet, The Tragedy of Macbeth, and of course Romeo and Juliet. However, he did not write all these popular plays himself. The first note of Romeo and Juliet was back in the 1500s. The main source of Shakespeares information was Arthur Brookes, The Tragicall Historye of Romeo and Juliet, a multi-thousand word poem. (Brad Lyons) The legend continues with a version written by Pierre Boiastuau. This account was from 1559 (Romeo and Juliet Study Guide) and Pierre used an Italian version by Bandello.The chain finally ceased with Luigi da Porto, who wrote Giulietta e Romeo, in 1530. (Brad Lyons)(Shakespeare for Students) William Shakespeare, the acclaimed author of Romeo and Juliet, was one of the greatest writers of his generation. However, he certainly had some help and inspirational guidance when developing his plays. Make no mistake, he was and of all time will be remembered for the superb tale of Romeo and Juliet. Brad Lyons Romeo and Juliet in Verona. 3/19/10 . Romeo and Juliet Study Guide. 3/19/10 . second Edition Shakespeare for Students. Farmington Hills, MI Thomson Gale, 2007.

Managing AIDS

IntroductionIn the situation with Frank Deloisio, a middle manager who had aid, Jean Lang wizard Smith had one of the greatest tests of her career. She was encountered a eggshell of the type which so many managers can come across, as one in every 250 Americans has been diagnosed with the plague of the twentieth century, stock-still the situation is so delicate that few books can help a individual in managing position to sort out the ethical do its that relate to it.Managing AIDS Issues To ConfrontIn a sense, managing a someone diagnosed with AIDS is similar to managing any other individual who has been diagnosed with a different terminal illness corresponding cancer or tuberculosis in the final stages. However, AIDS is a special social phenomenon due to the stigma associated with this contagious disease. It has come to symbolize the itinerant lifestyle of the homosexuals and prostitutes, and many passel feel that a person is to blame for having incurred such a condition. Be sides, despite the medical professionals assurances, there are still fears that a person with this condition may infect somebody in the environment, which makes the removal of such a person from the group desirable for some.One more issue that was associated with AIDS in Franks case was his frequent absences. He in some ways had to use Jean and others to be able to comprise for his disease. The employees at DEC had to put in extra time and carry the extra workload to compensate for his frequent treatments. Besides, people were non even advised about the reason of his absences, and thus had a reason to believe that he was merely using them to take time off work to attend to his in-person matters.Utilitarian PerspectiveIf Jean had viewed the happenings from a utilitarian perspective, she would merely be concerned with the consequences of her decisions, and in evaluating those consequences, her primary focus would be the amount of happiness or unhappiness of the people that would r esult from it.Thus, dismissal of Frank Deloisio seems a plausible option. If he had been fired for his illness, the company would have to replace him with a different person who would most likely be able to handle the responsibilities, devoting more time to them. Then all the employees would be happy, as they would be relieved of their extra responsibility. As for Frank, he would be less important, as his troubles are those of a single person.Deontological PerspectiveFrom a deontological view, it is necessary to do what is proper(a) regardless of the consequences. The view interpreted and the practical steps depend on the stance adopted towards what is right or wrong.Thus, if the right thing is standing by the sick person, hence the right thing is to help Frank in his predicament, sharing his responsibilities. One could say that a sick person is not able to care for oneself, and thus it is lay from the ethical standpoint to share the benefits available to other people to help the sick one.On the other hand, if one adopts the view that the ultimate goodish is efficiency, then Franks dismissal is a viable option as he is clearly in the way of the companys success. His replacement with a different person would contribute to the efficient functioning of the company as a whole.Fairness to AIDS-Infected PersonFairness means dealing with people candidly and in accordance with principles. In this sense, the managers obligation consists in dealing with employees fairly, without bias or prejudice. Thus, a person suffering from AIDS should be dealt with in the same manner as any other person who is suffering from a serious health disorder. This also means that the manager should tug all the employees to treat the one infected with AIDS in the same manner.Thinking about RightsMaintaining the rights of a person requires the adherence to a certain make out of principles. For instance, the sick person has the right to confidentiality, and this is what Jean has been tr ying to do for Frank. Besides, Frank was also entitled to companys medical insurance, and the full coverage of the cost associated with his illness. Regarding a case from this perspective involves the maintenance of a number of basic principles, but there is always the danger that something might fall through the cracks. For instance, if the person is not entitled to a change in job responsibilities, this will not be pursued by the manager as it is not bump of the sick employees specified rights.How Jean DidJean, although unprepared to deal with a situation like that, lived up to the challenge of solving organizational problems in her department. She was not reached by the AIDS programs to the extent that she could derive her knowledge of what she could do from that source, and thus she was acting based on her throw ethical judgement.Jean went far beyond what was necessary according to the formalities at the company. She assisted Frank in adjusting his responsibilities to suit his current health conditions, and even had an idea to coin a crude position designed for him where he could emphasize his technical skills, without putting pressure on him that he could not handle. When his health deteriorated, she relaxed his responsibilities even further. This raised her authority with the personnel, allowing people at the company to see that she was ready to go beyond what was prescribed by the rules to accommodate her employees.In a way, her own ethical perspective was changed if previously she looked at the people as professionals, restricting her relationship with them as a purely business one, now she could show that she was ready to see them as ludicrous individuals that are important not only as cogs in the machine. Perhaps the clear-cut nature of the case that involved helping a sick person helped Jean to make a leap from a strict and formal manager to a life-and-blood personality. If Jean had been confronted with a more ethically ambiguous case like acco mmodating the frustration of person in the middle of a divorce, she would be more tempted to think along the lines, They have to cope with their problems on their own. Facing a situation of someone hopelessly ill changed her behaviour and views.ConclusionJean did well as she preserved the rights of a sick person, acted fairly, and was good at maintaining the basic principle of helping a sick person. Jeans actions were also right from the utilitarian perspective in a sense. funding an employee in need helped her to uphold her image in the eyes of others, as well as the image of the company. The employees at DEC were able to draw the coda that if they fall ill with AIDS, they can probably expect the same sensitive and insightful treatment.This idea is going to boost their morale in the long run, and attach their loyalty for the company. The case made headlines, which is going to serve as positive publicity for DEC, elevating the corporate image. It is perhaps unfair to suspect Jean of such a motivation being her primary driver, but this serves to show that her actions gain support from both deontological and utilitarian perspective.

Hrafnkel Trial Paper

Hrafnkel, in the eponymous Hrafnkels Saga, by modern standards would certainly be considered a ruthless massacreer. However, it is demand to take into consideration the time period and culture of this historic Scandinavian saga. The entirety of the Icelandic population was illiterate and as such the justice system established in 10th century Iceland was based mostly on a system of honor and violence. The laws of Iceland were not actu completelyy written down, but rather kept alive verbally. An oral oath was considered to be a legally binding contract.This system was a weak attempt at avoiding bloody feuds and altercations among the uncouth people, amidst a governing system of honor and trust. Hrafnkel, the protagonist of Hrafnkels Saga, demonstrated this skewed justice system by asserting himself as a senior pilot and bringing wrath upon his enemies or eachbody who crossed his word of honor. Thus, when Einar stone-broke his oral agreement with Hrafnkel, Einar essentially br oke a legally binding contract and was consequently dependant to the full penalty of their agreement.Therefore, Hrafnkel, who agreed to hide anybody who rode his beloved dollar bill, Freyfaxi, was then not dishonored in committing murder as he was not breaking any Icelandic laws and was simply committing to his contract with Einar. Hrafnkels murder of Einar was justified in a myriad of ways. Upon hiring Einar to be his sheepherder, Hrafnkel explicitly told him that he could ride any horse he pleased, but Freyfaxi But I must warn you against one thing I want you never to ride this horse, however urgent the take in may seem to you, for Ive verbalize an oath to kill anyone who rides him. (40)In the era to which Hrafnkel lived, there were no such things as laws, government, policemen, or jails. Peoples word was the law and when a verbal contract was broken, it was like breaking the law in a modern sense. Einar, clearly acknowledging this agreement, swore to abide by this and said he would never be so wicked as to ride the one horse which was forbidden to him. At this time in Icelandic culture, one who kept his word was held in high regard. Once again, Hrafnkel, reiterated the importance of an oral agreement and stated that warning wards off blame.Since Einar did indeed ride Freyfaxi, he was inevitably liable for his own death. Even more so, Einar decided to ride Freyfaxi despite having several other horses to choose from nonetheless though the other horses ran away he did not put any effort into mounting onto another horse. Einars murder was simply the ultimate punishment for his wrongdoing and breaking the law between Hrafnkel and him. virtuoso may begin to wonder why Hrafnkel had even subject Einar to such a preposterous and bizarre agreement. However, this agreement was not made in vain.Hrafnkel, had sworn an oath to dedicate half of Freyfaxi to the diety, Freyr, whom he loves above all others. Fundamentally, this meant only Freyr and Hrafnkel himself, were allowed to ride Freyfaxi. At the very start of the saga, Hrafnkels love for the god, Freyr was shown When Harnkel had settled at Adalbol, he had a large temple built and held great sacrifices to the gods. He loves Frey above all the other gods and gave him a half-share in all his best treasures. (36) In fact, it is because of his intense affection for this god that Hrafnkell gained the title Freysgodi.As exemplified earlier, Freyr, played an extremely important part in the chieftains religion. Thus, Einars choosing to ride Freyfaxi was near secular in Hrafnkels eyes. Upon seeing a dirty and sweaty Freyfaxi, Hrafnkel considered the horse ill and abused, and promised to avenge his friend. Ultimately, even though Einar seemed like good hard-working man and Hrafnkels actions were harsh, Hrafnkel broke no laws while Einar broke the oral agreement, a legally binding contract, and harmed Freyfaxi.Primarily, just the breach of contract with Einar was enough justification to kill Ein ar, but even more so the culture of Iceland survived on a certain type of trust and honour system. It was this code of trust that gave Hrafnkel the authority and proper justification to kill Einar. If Einar was to be untrusted, this was the only way to ensure peace and order in the community. Furthermore, Hrafnkel even fulfilled the Icelandic duty to offer some kind of hire for the grieving family. Hrafnkels compensation offer for food and items to Einars father, Thorbjorn, was extremely generous.In this respect, Hrafnkel was once again following the laws and traditions of Icelandic society. On another note, Hrafnkel was consindered to be the hero of Hrafnkels Saga. A saga according to multiple sources from the Internet is a long story of achievement and tells the tales of worthy men. In this sense, Hrafnkel can not be deemed guilty by his Icelandic people or readers. After close examination of the text of Hrankels Saga it is very clear that Hrafnkel was completely innocent in th e cleanup of Einar. Based on 10th century Icelandic ideals on justice, Hrafnkel was able to punish Einar for breaking their oral agreement.In effect, by breaking this agreement, Einar was also breaking Hrafnkels sworn oath with the deity, Freyr, whom he shared Freyfaxi with. As cruel and insane Hrafnkels violence may seem under todays standards, it was all justified under the Icelandic system of law. It is important to understand the civilization that had once existed rather than to judge the tale as a story of murder and dictatorship. In the proper light, Hrafnkel was a hero who upheld Icelandic tradition, law, and honor who in the process grew into a more understanding, respectable, and wealthier Chieftain.

Jack Daniel Market Entry Strategy

Market Entry Strategy for dirt Daniels (Brown-Forman) to Germany Products Being Exported Consumer doodly-squat Daniels Old 7 whiskey Industrial yap Daniels signature Whiskey Barrels International Business Policy 490 By Market Entry Strategy for scallywag Daniels (Brown-Forman) to Germany Brown-Foreman Company The Brown-Forman alliance who is the owner of the Jack Daniels brand since 1956 was founded in 1870 by George Gavin Brown, a young pharmaceuticals salesman in Louisville, who had the then-novel idea of selling top-grade whiskey in sealed starter bottles.Since then it has grown into a company that in fiscal 2006 had sales of 2. 4 gazillion dollars. The Brown family controls more than 70% of the voting shargons. This isnt a History Lesson, This is Jack Daniels Was it simply his lucky number? Some say that Jack Daniel had seven girlfriends or the 7 train carried his gun barrels. Only Mr. Jack get laids the certain reason. Jack Daniels was founded in 1863, at age 13 Jack Daniel owned his first whiskey still. The United States licensed its first ever distillery in Lynchburg, Tennessee in 1866. This site is where Jack Daniels whiskey is still produced, today.Jack Daniels whiskey has become the top-selling whiskey in the United States due to few safety concerns compound in the distilling offshoot. Also, prioritizing shade was Jacks other focus, he said, Every day we read it, well make it the best we female genitalia. Market Overview Germany is politically as easy as economically unmatched of the most important countries in atomic number 63 and the European Union. Due to its geographical position, its good foundation and its legal certainty, Germany is the first woof for many foreign companies when establishing a Representative Office or a subsidiary for their entry into the European merchandise.The German economy is the worlds 4th largest and accounts for more than one-fifth of the European Unions Gross Domestic Product. The United States largest European Union trading partner is Germany, as well, cosmos the sixth largest food market for United States exports. Germanys economy follows free market principles with a considerable degree of governmental market regulations and generous welf are programs. Germany has a welcoming status towards foreign direct enthronization (FDI). The German market is open for investment in practically all industry sectors, and business activities are free from regulations limiting day-to-day business.German law makes no distinction between Germans and foreign nationals regarding investments or the establishment of companies. The legal framework for FDI in Germany favors the principle of freedom for foreign sell and payment. There are no restrictions or barriers to capital transactions, currency transfers, real estate purchases, repatriation of profits, or access to foreign exchanges. Economic Data course of study fairish Unemployment rate Annual Inflation rate 2008 7. 8% 2. 6% 2009 8. 1% 0. 4% 2010 7. 7% 1. 1% 2011 7. 1% 2,3% 2012 6. 7% 2,1%Consumer The largest consumer market in the EU is Germany, with a population of over eighty-two million. Enormous amounts of trade are conducted in Germany. Germanys geographic location in the middle of the 27- fraction EU makes Germany a favorable gateway for many US companies to build their global expansion strategy. With Germany being the largest consumer market it gives the opportunity for Jack Daniels to gain a high cheer in market share. Industrial A recent study conducted by the American Chamber of Commerce highlights the positive regard, in which the German usiness environment is held by US companies. US companies indicated that for the industrial market, 73 percent of participating American companies hangd Germany as their first choice for market entry followed by Eastern Europe (57 percent),and Western Europe (33 percent). This is a good statistic for Jack Daniels because it shows that other companies are doing the same which opens up competition and for an easier market entry. Market Challenges The following information moldiness be present on the label Product theatrical role (Trademarks, brand names or fanciful names may non substitute the generic/product name, but may be used in addition to the product name) * List of ingredients proceeded by the word Ingredients moldiness show all ingredients (including additives) in descending order of weight as recorded at the time of their use in the manufacture and designated by their specific name. In the case of those products that may contain ingredients liable to cause allergies or intolerances, a clear indication should be given on the label by the word contains followed by the name of the ingredient.However, this indication bequeath not be necessary provided the specific name is included in the list of ingredients. * Net quantity in metric units (liter, centiliter, milliliter) * experience of minimum durability not needful for wine an d beverages containing more than 10% alcohol by volume * Special conditions for keeping or use (if applicable) * shout out or business name and address of the manufacturer, packager or importer established in the European Union * Country of origin or provenance * Alcohol satiate for beverages containing more than 1. 2% by volume * Lot identification with the marking preceded by the letter L.REQUIRED DOCUMENTS The following is a list of the documents that are required and/or recommended when importing alcohol beverages into Germany and/or any other EU member state * Commercial invoice * Customs nurse Declaration * pack Insurance * Freight documents * Customs Import Declaration (SAD form a common import declaration form for all EU Member States must be drawn up in one of the official languages of the EU) * Packing List * present of Origin * Insurance certificate * Simplified Export Certificate IMPORT PROCEDURES An import declaration is required for goods from third countries such as the U.S. When goods are imported into Germany, it is the responsibility of the importer or his authorized agent to declare them to Customs. A Single Administrative Document or SAD is used for this purpose. This is the approved form for the import declaration process. * The Single Administrative Document (SAD) may be submitted to the Federal Customs Administration, either through physical means or through an electronic declaration. * Goods are released from Customs for free circulation once the pertinent documents constitute been filed and payment of tariff duties has been completed.After paying the value added task (VAT) and any other applicable excise duty, goods are also released for consumption and doctor to be marketed TAXES/TARIFFS * Value Added Tax (VAT) is an indirect tax on goods and services which is borne by the end consumer and applied to the value added at each stage of the supply chain. * In Germany, it is called Umsatzsteuer. Consumer Germanys relatively high m arginal tax rates and complicated tax laws may constitute an obstacle, although deductions, allowances and write-offs help to move effective tax rates to internationally competitive levels.The Germany industrial market is one of many fluctuations throughout the years. The real German GDP expanded by 1. 7 percent in 2008, later a contraction of 0. 1 percent in 2007. Forecasters predict that the economic growth would slow to 1 percent in 2009. Sluggish consumer demand, weak investment spending and the persistent crisis in the construction sector continue to exert a dampening effect on recovery. The German economy continues to suffer from geomorphological problems, including inflexibility and over-regulation in labor markets, taxation and business establishment, as well as high social insurance appeals.This might slow the demand for Jack Daniels number 7 whiskeys due to it being a high end drink. The German culture might not justify spending the 30 dollars on a bottle of Jack Danie ls when you can get Evan Williams for half the price. Industrial With the exception of participation in the EU Common Agricultural Policy, Germany presents few white-tie barriers to U. S. trade or investment. Germany has pressed the new EU Commission to reduce regulatory burdens and promote innovation in order to increase the EU member states competitiveness.Germanys government regulation is practically complex and may offer a degree of protection to established local suppliers. Safety or environmental standards, not inherently discretionary but always applied, can complicate access to the market for U. S. products. American companies (Jack Daniels) interested in exporting to Germany should make sure they know which standards apply to their product and obtain timely testing, certification (CE), and all the different regulatory compliances. Also the use of free trade zones and bonded warehouses might be a way to visit costs by assembling the barrels there instead of beforehand.Ger man standards are especially relevant to U. S. exporters because, as EU-wide standards are developed, they are often based on existing German ones. Market Opportunities For companies in the US, the largest EU market to enter is Germany. Germany is an important element to Jack Daniels Old Whiskey 7 and the signature Oak Barrels exporting strategy into Europe. With the high costs of doing business in Germany come, high levels of productivity, a first-class pedestal, quality engineering, highly adroit labor force, and a location at the center of EU.This in turn makes Germany a very appealing commonwealth to export Jack Daniels brand into. U. S. Exports and Imports to Germany Year Exports to Germany Imports from Germany Balance 2008 54,505. 3 97,496. 6 ? 42,991. 3 2009 43,306. 3 71,498. 2 ? 28,191. 9 2010 48,160. 7 82,429. 1 ? 34,268. 4 2011 40,837. 0 80,616. 8 ? 39,779. 8 2012 44,983. 6 99,299. 3 -54,315. 7 Between Germany and its eastern European neighbors, the labor cost gap has b een significantly reduced. In fact, Germany has gained the labor-cost edge in recent years.Since 2002, wages have move in most European Union countries, with the growth rate averaging 3. 1 percent. While some countries particularly those in Eastern Europe experienced a rise of more than seven percent. Germany recorded the lowest labor cost growth within the EU at just 1. 6 percent. This has been another vital argument in favor of Germany as a premium market entry spot in the European Union Main Exports and Imports by good with Germany 2010 Commodity Imports from Germany Exports to Germany Apparel USD 115. 6 million USD 142. 3 millionChemical goods USD 7. 1 billion USD 7. 2 billion Electric Equipment USD 9. 5 billion USD 11. 4 billion Beverages USD 611. 9 million USD 426. 2 million Machinery USD 15. 4 billion USD 6. 8 billion Cars and car parts USD 25. 4 billion USD 5 billion Consumer For the consumer product Germanys excellent workforce is decisive to the countrys high productivit y rates. It comprises over 40 million people, making it the largest pool of ready labor in the EU. Germanys world-class education system ensures that the highest standards are always met.More than 80 percent of the German workforce has received formal vocational training or is in possession of an academic degree. For the productivity rates and workforce size, it shows good potential for Jack Daniels to gain market share and higher employees that will work hard and grow the company to the German standards. Industrial Industrial market entry is all about efficiency and margins. Germanys logistics infrastructure is among the best its companies are also global logistics leaders. In fact, the worlds leading logisticsservices provider is a German company Deutsche Post DHL.Deutsche Bahn operates Europes largest rail network and Lufthansa Cargo is one of the worlds leading global air freight companies. Annual revenues of over EUR 220 billion in 2011 make Germany Europes logistics leader. No other EU country comes close to Germanys market size. This enables transportation of goods and services to be much more efficient, and cost worthy due to convenience. Product Description Consumer Jack Daniels Black Label, also known as Old Number 7 or more unremarkably as JD is one of the best-selling whiskies in the world.Made in the Tennessee Sour Mash style, it is very similar to bourbon with the additional step of dripping the fresh make inwardness through a vat of sugar maple charcoal to mellow the whiskey before going into barrel. The result is a smooth, versatile whiskey that is true to its country roots. Whether drinking it neat, on the rocks or in a Jack and Coke or perhaps a Lynchburg Lemonade, Jack Daniels Black Label delivers a consistent, quality product that pleases imbibers around the world. It has been diluted from its original 45 percent alcohol content.Every drop is filtered through sugar maple charcoal in large wooden vats also referred to as sugar mellowing. I ndustrial (Jack Daniels Barrels) The Brown-Forman Cooperage is the only barrel making zeal exclusive to one distiller. Formerly the Blue Grass Cooperage Company, the cooperage was renamed in 2009 to the Brown-Forman Cooperage. The scale of the facility is massive, including an aging and storage facility for the wood that goes into making the barrels that has over thirty million dollars worth of lumber stored in it.Jack Daniels barrels are all made from American Oak. Wood is sourced from a number of regions, including the Ozarks, Appalachia, and a Northern Region that includes and surrounds Minnesota. The wood from the various regions is milled and then delivered to the cooperage. Fresh cut oak, or green wood, is 85% water, so to be used for barrels it needs to be dried and aged. Drying wood too quickly can realise splits, cracks, and checks (microscopic cracks) which cause a barrel to leak, so the wood needs to be slowly aged outdoors to abide by the jack standards.Also the barrel can only be used once so the demand is always constant for the American oak wood throughout the world. Fun Fact In addition to gradually drying out the wood, exposing the wood to the elements also helps determine flavor. Green wood is high in tannic acids (as much as 12%), which translates into the flake you get when drinking the whiskey. When you dry wood outside and it gets drenched with rain and then dried by the sun, this helps reduce and tame the levels of tannic acid which makes for a smoother audition experience.One of the things you realize when reading the steps for a Jack Daniels Whiskey Barrel being built is how natural a process it is. While theres a fair amount of machinery that goes into the process, but the process all is focused on shaping and preserving the natural qualities of the wood. Each barrel is as individual as one of us, Jack Daniels always said. But this is why they are in such demand for all the different countries (i. e. Germany) for hard to produce and make the Jack Daniels brand.Brown-Forman announced plans today for a new cooperage to craft barrels in Decatur, Alabama, in order to meet growing world(a) demand for Jack Daniels Tennessee Whiskey. Brown-Forman officials said the tremendous growth of the Jack Daniels Family of Brands both domesticatedally and internationally necessitated building the new cooperage . Brown-Forman and Jack Daniels officials joined with Alabama Governor Robert Bentley in Montgomery, AL, to make the formal announcement today. The Jack Daniel Cooperage is expected to be operational in May 2014, and it will at conk out employ approximately 200 workers.It will be the second cooperage owned by Brown-Forman, which operates another facility in Louisville, KY, and will double the companys barrel-making capacity. Barrels are more than a container for our whiskey theyre an important ingredient, said Jeff Arnett, Jack Daniels Master Distiller. All of the color of Jack Daniels and more than half of our whi skeys flavor is derived from the barrel. We believe in the importance of the barrel in making our whiskey so much that we are the only major distiller that makes its own barrels. Product PricingConsumer Jack Daniels Old No 7 goes for roughly $23. 99 per 750ml. This is your average price but since this Whiskey is being exported into Germany the rough price in Euros is 18. 47 with the conversion rate but then you must factor in the fact that alcohol is sold in different amounts in Europe. For 700ml it is 19. 61 euros roughly. So it is cheaper to get whiskey abroad then it is here. The Germany price is also taken into account that their currency is rated different than ours in the fact that their Yen purchases different amounts then the US dollar.Also the prices of alcohol are different from the US in the fact that every country has their own regulations and tax rates. The age of the drinking age is also another factor which might cause the price to be lower due to younger adults usual ly having little income. Industrial Most sales forces dont sell in a manner that yields the most profit. Relationships, of course, are important. But to garner the highest price, your sales force needs to confidently produce why your product offers the highest value compared to rivals. Value always doesnt mean lowest price.Instead, it is the offering that provides the best deal (most benefits for the price) for clients. Do to these different factors or determine the whiskey barrels will be sold at prices compensated by exchange rates and currencies. * US $160. 00-$200. 00/Per Barrel * Euro Eu123. 04-Eu153. 80/Per Barrel These prices will account for a 20% profit margin and take care of any costs that are gained through the export process. It makes sure that the company (Jack Daniels) has the skillful amount of cash coming in so there barrel manufacturing is up to full productivity potential. Product PromotionConsumer Although, Jack Daniels Old 7 slackly meets the criteria as str aight bourbon, the company disavows this classification and simply just markets it as a Tennessee Whiskey. Old Senator Roger Motlow, believed in stomach to stomach advertising. If you can get them to taste the whiskey, you wont need any advertising. Its target audience is mainly AB, male, 34-55 conservative people, with a strong personality based on the sense of effort and a life of tradition and strong values. The Jack Daniels drinker is an anti-conformist consumer, often like euphony especially rock music or country music especially in the States.Basing on the facts that 55% of whiskey drinkers use bourbon whiskey with a mix and that the majority of the people who mix a whiskey with a Cola or other substances are likely to use it in a bar or a club, assumptions can be made suggesting Jack Daniels drinkers are likely to be slightly younger than other type of whiskey drinkers. Furthermore marketing strategies conducted by Jack Daniels in the last five years suggest a reposition of the brand to appeal a younger audience. Sports sponsorship and music-related associations will attract a 24-35 years old type of audience, with an interest to expand the target to a female audience too.Industrial The most successful market entrants are those that offer innovative products featuring high quality and recent styling (Jack Daniels Whiskey Barrels). Germans are responsive to the innovation and high technology evident in Jack Daniels whiskey barrels. The German market is decentralized and diverse, with interests and tastes differing dramatically from one German state to another. Successful market strategies take into account regional differences as part of a strong national market presence which Jack Daniels had done very well.The experienced representation is a major asset to any market strategy, given that the primary competitors for most American products are domestic firms with established presences. Jack Daniels can overcome such stiff competition by offering hig h-quality products, services at competitive prices, and locally based after-sales support. Jack Daniels whiskey barrels are one thing that is unique and that is needed to produce the special Jack Daniels taste. The German culture is one that approves of the brand which also is a huge advantage. Conclusion Consumer As shown below Jack Daniels is growing worldwide daily.Germany is no exception that it is an important part to conquering the global market for whiskey the fact that they are considered in their own category as Tennessee Whiskey helps because of how their whiskey is processed through the barrels is different to other bourbons. They do have a competitive edge in that regard since their product is considered more regal than other brands since they are in a category of their own. Germany is the correct export country for the Jack Daniels Company and should use the market to their advantage. Industrial As Jack Daniels has grown from a U.S. brand to a global one, so the Jack Daniels marketing team has grown from a small number of people to a global marketing organization. For Jack Daniels whiskey barrels, Germany is politically as well as economically one of the most important countries in Europe and the European Union for the Jack Daniels business. Due to its geographical position, its good infrastructure and its legal certainty Germany should be the first choice for any foreign company when establishing an office or a subsidiary for their entry into the European market. Bibliography * http//www. ackdaniels. com/ muniment/legend-old-no-7 * http//www. drinkspirits. com/whiskey/jack-daniels-barrel-making/ * http//translate. google. com/translate? hl=en&sl=de&u=http//www. jack-lives-here. de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgerman%2Bjack%2Bdaniels%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1R2WQIB_enUS509%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D673&sa=X&ei=8wBJUeLwHYrSygHWyICgCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CDwQ7gEwAA * http//www. businessweek. com/stories/2007-10-10/jack-daniels-international-appealbusinessweek-business-news-st ock-market-and-financial-advice * http//articles. businessinsider. om/2012-01-10/strategy/30610634_1_jack-daniel-pop-culture-whiskey-brand * http//management. fortune. cnn. com/2011/12/08/jack-daniels-jim-stengel-grow/ * http//www. grin. com/en/e-book/180587/jack-daniel-s-brand-activity-analysis? partnerid=googlebooks * http//www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/09/26/whiskey-barrels_n_1916768. hypertext markup language * http//www. qualityassurancemag. com/qa0212-jack-daniels-whiskey. aspx * http//www. trademarkia. com/jack-daniels-old-no-7-brand-85128967. html * http//export. gov/germany/marketresearchongermany/countrycommercialguide/doingbusinessingermany/index. sp * http//www. entergermany. com/marketentry. html * http//www. startupoverseas. co. uk/expanding-a-business-in-germany/entering-the-market. html * http//www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-18868704 * http//www. gtai. de/GTAI/Content/EN/Invest/_SharedDocs/Downloads/GTAI/Brochures/Germany/economic-overview-germany-market-productivity -innovation. pdf * http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany * http//www. whiskyfinder. eu/beverage. php? cmd=show&id=85 * http//www. crownwineandspirits. com/brands/Jack-Daniels. html

Human Resource and Industrial Relations Essay

In several(prenominal)(prenominal) Commonwealth Caribbean Countries since the early 1960s, in that location fork over been attempts at mankind empyrean sort out by replacing the traditional system of worldly concern Administration with what is commonly known as New Public oversight and to this day, the successful capital punishment of such(prenominal) structural ad safement attempts seduce evaded most political sympathiess who have d ared to try. It was evident, how forever, that there were resistences in the way each country attempted to introduce NPM. Jamaica and Barbados, for example, adhered rigorously to the primary tenets of NPM and Trinidad and Tobago by implementing some measures moreover not some others. humans resource counsel (HRM) is a term which is now widely used but very loosely defined. It should be defined in such a way as to antitheticaliate it from traditional personnel focal point and to allow the development of testable hypotheses nigh its im pact. Based on theoretical work in the field of organizational behaviour it is proposed that HRM comprises a set of policies designed to maximize organizational integration, employee commitment, flexibility and quality of work. Within this model, embodied industrial dealings have, at lift out, only a minor role.Despite the apparent attr follow ups of HRM to managements, there is very little evidence of any quality about its impact or that of New Public Management. However, the purpose of this paper is to round and analyze some of the different approaches to Human Resource Management, New Public Management andIndustrial Relations initiatives used in Trinidad and Tobago and the extent to which the introduction of a new model of management in the worldly concern sphere has take to a realignment in the roles, responsibilities, and relationships in the midst of the policy-makers, the bureaucracy, civil society and Trade Unions in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition, mentioning the wor k of two (2) good accomplished local minds who have contributed to the study of Public Sector Reform and Industrial Relations. Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations (HRIR) is a multidisciplinary area that investigates all aspects of employment relations in the worldly concern and reclusive welkin. Modern organisations increasely regard staff as their most valuable asset and a chief source of competitive return. Consequently, they attach ample importance to how they manage people. Successful management of employment relations is vital if employees are to be motivated and organisations are to be successful.The Human resource management (HRM) side encompasses the governance of an organizations employees and is some periods referred to simply as human resources (HR). It is the people who work for the organization and human resource management is really employee management with an emphasis on those employees as assets of the business. Areas of HRM oversight include em ployee recruitment and retention, exit inter facets, motivation, assignment selection, labor law compliance, performance reviews, training, professional development, mediation, change management and some extent of Industrial Relations. Industrial relations, which is some terms called labour-management relations is a professional area of activity and is multidisciplinary, drawing from several academic areas such as law, economicals, psychology, sociology and organizational theory. The field of Industrial relations also similarly encompasses the relationships between employers and employees, between employees and other employees, between employers and their unions and advisors, between employees and their unions, between workplaces in the labour commercialise, the surround created by historical, semipolitical, legal and social forces, cultural norms as well as the products of the industrial relations systems including industrial accomplish, collective agreements, grievance handlin g and other problem-solving mechanisms.Since the 1990s, there has been the need to transition from the traditional Public Administration (PA) to New Public Management (NPM) and the implementation of NPM ideas are closely related to Human Resources (HR)in public institutions. In order to achieve a consistent shift, a lot of attention has been devoted to the reconstruction of Human Resource Management (HRM) as well as the improvement in the quality of Industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago that has run low necessary due to the increasing frequency of strikes and other industrial action related to negotiations for new collective agreements. The first of the two (2) Authors whos work are being mentioned and have do valid contributions to the field of Public Sector Reform is Dr. Ann-Marie Bissessar, a well accomplished Senior Lecturer in the Behavioural Sciences Department, University of the West Indies. Dr. Bissessar in one of her many writings entitled. The changing tie-in of p ower in the new public sector management of Trinidad and Tobago, examines the extent to which the introduction of a new model of management in the public sector has led to a realignment of the bureaucracy and civil society in Trinidad and Tobago. The document suggests that the introduction of new public management in the public returnss of Trinidad and Tobago has led to changes in the structure, culture and functioning of the public sector.Doctor Bissessar argues that while there were tensions between the politician and the administrator during the post-independence period these were, to a large extent, kept in check by the rules and regulations that were part and parcel of the traditional method of administration. The introduction of principles of new public management in 1991 and the stress on dandyer impropriety and a more fluid bureaucratic ar framement, however, have fundamentally altered the power relationships between the politician and the administrator so that the divis ion between the political sphere and the administrative sphere has become increasingly blurred. With deference to the civil society, concludes that with the exception of certain non-governmental organizations, the wider civil society continues to have a minimal excitant in either policy formulation or execution. Writing along the same(p) lines of thought was Dr. Roodal Moonilal in his one of his articles entitled, A note on the Human Resource Management and its Diffusion. Doctor Moonilal, wrote that the notion of HRM is difficult to pin down with one definition and that is has central concerns with issues of quality, productivity, safety and the efficient use of materials. otherwise features include sub- weightlifting, re-deployment of labour, individual contracts and external forms of flexibility and much of the human relationsschool. He took from the work of Allan Fox, who articulated two categories or frames of reference within which to conceive workplace industrial relations. He say that Fox outlined a unitary frame of reference which stressed the importance of a common mark for the enterprise, with one source of authority and one focus of loyalty, all participants have the same basic aim and all aspire to share in the rewards which result accrue from the attainment of this aim. Conflict within this framework is denied, as Fox states, the doctrine of common purpose and harmony of interests implies that apparent conflict is either (a) solely frictional, e.g. due to incompatible personalities or things going wrong, or (b) caused by faulty communicatings, e.g. misunderstandings about aims or methods, or (c) the result of stupidity in the form of failure to grasp the communality of interest, or (d) the work of agitators inciting the supine majority who would otherwise be content (196612). Improving human relations and communications are said to be the appropriate methods to avoid conflict which is seen as the result of poor social relations.In the unitar y frame the presence of betray unions is seen as an intrusion into the orphic, peaceful and unified structure, they compete illegitimately for control over, and the loyalty of, the employees and are considered foreign and alien to the private affairs of the company. Foxs work also place a pluralist frame which accepts that an enterprise contains groups with a variety of different interests, aims and aspirations and it is therefore a coalition of different interests rather than the embodiment of one common goal. In the pluralist enterprise conflict is normal, expected and should not be suppressed but the aim essential be to keep it within accepted bounds to close out the destruction of the enterprise. The article also states that if HRM nominate be located conceptually within the unitary ideology in the 1960s, it must also be traced to forms of strategical industrial relations adopted during the very period. The emergence of productivity negotiate defined as an exchange of h igher wages for more work, or the same wages in less clock, or for greater flexibility and mobility of labour was seen as an earlier attempt by management to give direction to industrial relations.By the late 1970s external forces placed a focus on HRM in the academic and professional circuits as well as a wide range of features and dramatically contrasting reports on its implementation, impact and implications. Thearticle also stressed the need for Total Quality Management (TQM) and that the historical labour-management doubt and war in industrial relations has no place in Human Resource Management while stating that there are however characteristics of HRM which bunghole threaten the functioning of traditional trade unionism. Dr. Moonilal states that nonetheless though some features of HRM can threaten the Union, they can only endanger a Union if it is light-headed at the shop floor level with a membership which is immobilized and lacking faith in the collective action and sk ill in presentation. The Practitioners of industrial relations were said to be trade union officers, human resource managers, conciliators, mediators, labour department officials and project managers, among others.The main focus of industrial relations is on people in the workplace, whether such a workplace is a large trans content organization, or a small family firm, whether those employed are on a contract of service or on a contract for service and whether or not a union is involved at the workplace. Indeed, industrial relations can exist even where collective agreements do not materialize.PART ALike most islands in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago emerged from colonization in the early 1960s passing poor and with an thrift structured around resource exports. Trinidad and Tobagos tremendous growth spurt slowed, and the economy entered a ten-year period of sluggish growth and had become urbanized, many belonging to the middle class, a internet site unknown in most developin g countries. As economic growth slowed, change magnitude demands were voiced for decorous housing, better labor rights, more jobs, improved alive and working conditions, more equitable distribution of wealth, and national ownership of resources. Despite these demands, the socioeconomic problems present in Trinidad and Tobago were hardly as acute as in other Caribbean countries nonetheless, such issues as negative attitudes toward foreign ownership tended to dominate. Led by the charismatic and skilful Eric Williams since its independence in 1962, citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, like people throughout the region, hoped and expected that political independence would bring not only dignity but economic improvement.The check growth Trinidad and Tobago had been experiencing resulted in some gains for the population. During this time,the islands labor force was highly unionized and the industrial relations climate in Trinidad and Tobago was growing tense with the development of the trade union movement. There was an increasing number of strikes and labour disputes which threatened the economic growth and productivity of the country. The Public helping employees were described as being indolent, inefficient and corrupt and it was impossible to discipline anyone or reform the service. So, It was said that the Public proceeds no longer attracted the best. The Government of the day could no longer frustrate in taking legislative action to regulate the relations between unions, workers and employers and there was an urgent need for change and the role of government in the economy increased drastically during the 1960s. The year 1962 was actually when the first step in the development of the collective bargaining dish in Trinidad and Tobago was taken in no(prenominal)ember of that year, just three (3) months after the country obtained Independence from the British in 1962.An agreement was signed by the Secretary to footlocker at the time on behalf of the Gover nment and by the leaders of the Civil Service Association, the recognized representative for Civil Servants. It realised a Civil Service Arbitration Tribunal with the power to fix issues remaining unresolved between the Government and the Association. The Tribunal was designed to function on an Ad Hoc basis and under the W pissley Council System, the Colonial Secretary and subsequently, the Secretary to Cabinet discussed matters relating to the Terms and Conditions of employments in the Civil Service with the Executive of the Civil Service Association .However, the right to approve of not approve any agreements reached was reserved to the governor General after Independence.The relationship then changed between the Government and the Association and by extension the Civil Service, by bringing an end to the virtually despotic authority previously exercised by the Government. The next phase of Collecting Bargaining was achieved in 1966 when Parliament passed the Civil Service bit as Act No. 29 of 1965. This Act which came into force on fearful 27, 1966 provided for an effective system of Collective Bargaining referred to in the Act as character and Negotiation. The Act established the Personnel Department of Government which was headed by the Chief Personnel Officer and staffed by Civil Servants to maintain the class of CivilServants and keep under review the remuneration payable to them, administer the general regulations respecting the Civil Servants, provide for and establish procedures for consultation between the Personnel Department and an any Association in respect to classification of officers, any grievances and Terms and Conditions of Employment of Civil Servants. Those aspects of the employment relationship which could not be left to collective bargaining such as employee health and safety, minimum age of employment and workers compensation, retrenchment and severance benefits and maternity leave are set down in legislation which bind the Stat e and private employers.As a result the Industrial Stabilisation Act, 1965, was enacted. This Act introduced the concept of compulsory arbitration to Trinidad and Tobago by the formation of the Industrial court of justice. The main function of this Court was to intervene to prevent and settle industrial disputes between employers and their union represented workers. The Industrial Stabilisation Act was later repealed and replaced by the Industrial Relations Act, 1972, Chapter 8801 of the Laws of Trinidad and Tobago to provide for the following free collective bargaining between employer and workers through their representative associations, the development of a peaceful and expeditious procedure for the settlement of disputes, the brass of the Industrial Court,the recognition and registration of trade unions, the freedom to be represented by a trade union and the right not to associate, and industrial action which may be taken by both employer and employee. In addition, Provision was made for a Tripartite industrial relations advisory committee which had the responsibleness of reviewing the IRA and making recommendations to the Minister of outwear. This way the Act kept up with industrial relations trends.The general industrial relations policy in Trinidad and Tobago was found on voluntary collective bargaining between employers and workers, via their representative associations, for the settlement of terms and conditions of employment. While the Government has ratified several ILO Conventions, including the Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144), these Conventions only become effective when they are legislatively implemented. A 144 Tripartite Committee, comprising all of the social partners, tradeunions, employers, and Government, in operation in Trinidad and Tobago with the province of considering and recommending the ratification of ILO Conventions. State employees included all civil servants, teachers and members of the Protective Services (Fire, Police and Prison Services). The employment relationship between the State and its employees was governed generally by legislation, which made provisions for terms and conditions of employment including recruitment, hours of work, leave entitlements, payment of remuneration, pensions, allowances and other benefits.There was legislation which dealt specifically with each group, such as the Civil Service Act, Chap 2301 for all civil servants, the Police Service Act, Chap. 1501, as revised by the Police Service Bill (2003), the Fire Service Act, Chap. 3550 and the Education Act, Chap 3901 for teachers. The representative associations of monthly paid State employees may bargain collectively with the Chief Personnel Officer, who is deemed to be the employer of State employees under the IRA. The subject of these negotiations include wage increases, travelling and other allowances and leave entitlements. Other legislations were as follow The Occup ational Safety and Health Act Sets standards for employee health and safety at the workplace The Workmens Compensation Act or the Employment Injury and Disability Benefits Bill Provides compensation where employees are wound on the job Retrenchment and Severance Benefits Act Guarantees the payment of severance pay to retrenched employees. The Maternity Protection Act Provides maternity leave and related benefits to effeminate employeesPART BIn December 1991 a new government was elected in Trinidad and Tobago. It soon embarked on an ambitious course of instruction of public sector reform under the overall direction of Gordon Draper as Minister in the Office of the Prime Minister with responsibility for Public Administration and Public Information. The programme drew directly on the NPM paradigm and sought to deliver decentralised management, improved morale and productivity, improved human resource management, improved quality of service and delivery, and improved budgeting an d accounting systems. The details of the programme were set outin detail in a publication of the MTSD as A Profile of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago (Commonwealth Secretariat 1995). It covered seven areas, three of which were elaborated in some detail. The first was making the most of staff through training and development, the establishment of change teams within ministries to lead reform, new systems of performance appraisal, and improving work performance by upgrading accommodation and developing an employee assistance programme.The second focused on making government more efficient through the introduction of strategic planning, improving productivity via computerisation, contracting out services, redundancy management, and conducting comprehensive audits, a view also shared by Dr. Bissessar and Dr. Moonilal as mentioned previously. The third area, improving policy analysis and co-ordination, was to be achieved by creating standing committees of Cabinet in vital areas for national economic development, improving policy presentation in the media, and creating more mechanisms for public consultation on national development. The other areas addressed the quality of public services, partnerships with the private sector and non-government organisations, effective management and the management of finance. It was a comprehensive vision and some of the ideas, mechanisms and procedures set forth in it have since been adopted by other Caribbean countries in their programmes of reform.In Trinidad and Tobago, however, it ran into difficulties. One was over the powers and responsibilities of the Public Service Commission (PSC). The reforms proposed their reduction and rationalisation, with many of them being exercised by ministries and other public agencies in treaty with the more decentralised management principles of NPM. These were resisted by the PSC, which claimed that the government was unfairly blaming them for failures in the public service. They al so questioned the introduction of private sector values into the very different ethos of the public service (Trinidad and Tobago 1995). Another was the proposal to establish human resource units in ministries which would have seriously weakened the Personnel Department. A number of ministries submitted plans but there was much delay in implementation reducing the effectiveness of the reform. Other changes in this area, such as performance appraisal, also met employee resistance, suggesting a secure cultural resistance to change. However, on the one hand, public servants supported change which was beneficial to themsuch as training, pay increases, systems of career path planning and heighten opportunities.On the other, they were afraid of change which was in any way radical, rather than incremental, since they equated it with retrenchment and downsizing which would threaten their jobs and erode their tenure. In such circumstances it is not surprising that many were openly hostile t o suggestions for further reform. In the face of such opposition, and also a lessening of commitment to micro-manage change by the political leadership, the reform programme slowly ground to a halt. The role of the state in development has come under challenge. The reasons for this include the fiscal crises that hit most developing countries in the 1980s, weakening the ability of the state to fund development programmes the stabilisation and structural adjustment policies that followed, which imposed reductions in the role and size of it of government and an increase in the scope and activities of the private sector and the elaboration, from the beginning of the 1990s, of programmes of good governance which aimed to build an effective state through matching a states role to its capability, which required a sharper focus on fundamentals, and raising state capability by reinvigorating public institutions. In the exertion of these last set of activities sweeping public sector reform was to be encouraged.The impact of such programmes on the developing world has been the subject of much comment. In the case of small states it raised particular difficulties. The public sector tends to be proportionately bigger and its responsibility for delivering services across a wide range of activities greater than in many larger countries. There were thus serious questions about any proposal to reduce the role of the state. At the same time the need for public sector reform was acknowledged in many small states. The New Public Sector Management (NPSM) is the transfer of business and market principles and management processes from the private sector into the public service itself, or outsourcing government activities to the special purpose companies owned by a government or even to the private sector. There is or has been no empirical evidence that NPSM reforms of the public service or outsourcing have led to productivity increases or public benefit improvements even by priva te sector standards. This is because there are basic problems implicit in the NPSM model which derive from the fact that the aims of the public service differ from those of the private sector.The private sector is about competition and maximizing profits.The proponents of NPSM seek to treat the public as though they are consuming private sector goods and services. The use of these business techniques in the delivery of public functions constricts the accomplishment of the basic tenets of the state democracy, regularity, transparency and due process, which are surely more important than perceived efficiency and speed. With regards to its impact on the Industrial Relations System, traditionally, trade unions in the Caribbean, in negotiating wages and conditions of employment for their members, have resorted to the resistanceal approach to settle keen issues. In the early days of trade unionism, this approach was extremely successful and was effectively used. It can be said that empl oyers were cognizant of the close relationship that existed between the political leaders in most of the Caribbean islands and the trade union leaders. In some instances, they were one and the same person. As the countries became independent and the impact of adverse economic circumstances began to be felt, employers in both the public sector and private sector responded by resorting to taking tough economic decisions.Invariably, these decisions focused on the way in which wage increases were negotiated, the level of these increases and the impact which they had on government finances and on profits at the level of the enterprise. As a consequence, collective bargaining took a new turn as trade unions were forced to examine seriously their approach to the preparation of proposals and the presentation of their case. At the same time, alternative approaches to confrontation were examined and in some instances adopted. Social dialogue has been real by the ILO as one of the alternative approaches recommended to the social partners (governments, employers and trade unions). A number of studies on best practices in selected enterprises in the Caribbean are being developed to demonstrate how effective social dialogue can be in increasing productivity and in keeping with the New Public Management approaches. However, it seems to me that there has been increasingly forceful moves by trade unions in Trinidad and Tobago over the past few years to act upon national policies and issues. This may be out of frustrated expectations which originate from political and economic circumstances.Whatever the reason, it is has begun to have a negative impact on the workers they represent and the wider society. If thissituation is not addressed it may very well deteriorate and there will be unintended adverse consequences, including loss of employment opportunities and declining standards of living for those whose interests should be served by the unions. The principal stakeholders must re-examine their contributions to the current state of affairs and resolve to bring about the necessary transformation. We need to start the process of change now and even though it would be time consuming, it must be done. It requires an understanding of the realities of the global economy and the imperative for small economies such as ours to survive and in the longer term, to prosper. Trinidad and Tobago has been in a more fortunate position due to our rich hydrocarbon industry and prices being unexpectedly high. However, this should not be the basis of planning sustainable economic growth and development. The future requires all the social partners to work unitedly, replacing confrontation by cooperation and collaboration. This can only be accomplished if there are suitable multipartite mechanisms established by the government and adhered to by all stakeholders (government, labour, private sector and civil society) whereby meaningful consultation leads to consensus on comm on objectives and the strategies by which these can be achieved.There must be a major paradigm shift from dependency on fossil oil and gas revenues to support artificially high employee compensation without regard for productivity. There can be no justification for such irrational approaches to industrial relations. It is time to adopt new methods of resolving issues and to put the issue of pay for performance and productivity on the front burner. The era of might is right is a luxury we can no longer afford. We need to usher in a new dispensation of enlightened industrial relations to create a truly developed society. Relations between companies and unions need to shift from being adversarial to one of co-operation and it is critical for both parties, union and management to jointly address the competitive pressures and to work together to harness the skills and the commitment of the workforce. The manufacturing and public sectors in many countries have been the traditional base of support for trade unions. They are now experiencing considerable difficulties in maintaining and increasing membership. It is the hope of many that the Government will begin the process of getting the economy back on its feet. In doing so, there is always the potential for increased agitation by tradeunions that could ultimately lead to Industrial action where their demands for double digit wage increases cannot be met by the Government.Such a situation can also impact the industrial relations environment across the private sector where unionization is concentrated, particularly along the East-West Corridor. There is also, the perception among many in society that our industrial relations climate will become increasingly adversarial. Employers are more weary of unionization today more than ever before given the current approach to negotiations and dispute resolution by certain trade unions. This is most unfortunate since these very employers accept that trade unions have a critic al role to play in shaping industrial relations in our country and facilitating an economic recovery. It goes without saying that industrial action in any form and by anyone can lead to huge disruptions, losses in production and ultimately adverse long-term economic consequences if unchecked and properly regulated. The problem is that much of the current legislation and regulation governing industrial action was formulated back in the 1960s and at a time when there were no legislative safeguards and specified minimum working conditions. On the other hand, the situation is very different today.Today, most workers enjoy legislative protectionsin areas ranging from unfair dismissals to minimum wages, maternity leave and severance benefits. It is important to note that in the 1960s trade union membership was more than twice as much as it is now and industrial relations was more about power relations hence the prevalence of adversarial relationships between employers and workers. Today, this too has changed somewhat and great strides have been made to encourage tripartism, social dialogue and labour management co-operation. The movement towards human capital as the major investment for competitive advantage has greatly accelerated. Improved communication of total reward packages through face-to-face meetings, total reward statements and flexible benefits have in most workplaces replaced indirect forms of communication and the significance of basic pay in the overall remuneration package.The one (1) major area that needed to be addressed was the Industrial Court, which was noted to have served the country will but has not been perfect inits judgments. Many have questioned whether there is a need for the Industrial Court as some of its judgments have been criticized. In a report submitted to Errol McLeod, Minister of Labour, Small and Micro Development Enterprises on July 29, 2013 by the Industrial Relations Advisement Report Committee, it stated twenty-five (25) re commendations for changes needed within the Industrial Relations Sector. The report stated that there is a need to ensure that the Industrial Court is examined and brought up to a more modern constitution, since there have been no direct changes in the Labour Relations Sector for decades.There are issues with the tenure of Judges, Independence of the Court, migratory Law, Minimum Wages, Maternity Protection, Work mens Compensation Ordinance and Retrenchment and Severance Pay. It was also stated that the Collective Bargaining process must be done in a more timely basis. The Industrial Relations Advisement Report Committee also stressed in their massive report that it was crucial to the Industrial Relations Sector that all twenty-five (25) recommendations made be addressed. With this in mind, it is clear that what our industrial relations system inevitably now is a modernized legal framework which is relevant to changes in working life, modern human resource management practices an d technological advancement. It also take a proper functioning Industrial Court to preside over all its matters.RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSIONWhile several attempts have also been made in the past to improve the operations of the Public Service of Trinidad and Tobago, the challenges associated with Human Resource Management and its evolution into New Public Management, accountability, information and technology, communication technology, leadership systems and the systems of laws and procedures continue to occur. The culture of the Public Service has been one referred to as too laid back and that any diversion from the status quo is frowned upon and resisted. There needs to be collaboration between key central agencies to facilitate their acceptance of the fact that change is needed and accept the relevant responsibilities. Governments need to properly formulate and supervise the implementation of comprehensive change management strategies and have a robust legislative analysis of thesechanges.Provisions must be created to ensure effective implementation and review, communication and networking within and among various Ministries and Departments. There also needs to be a strengthening of the Civil Service and administrative components of Public Service Reform, providing them with a better frame work and indicator set. More attention must be given to the budget execution phases of Financial Management and sufficient resources must be allocated to ensure that the officers can perform at their best and with a sense of urgency. With all this in mind, it is quite obvious that any kind or nature of Reform is a work in progress.BIBLIOGRAPHYLabour Law Profile. National Labour Profile Trinidad and Tobago Web. 27 July 2011http//www.ilo.org/resrch/introTrinidad and Tobago Economic DevelopmentWeb. August 2011www.photius.com/countries/Trinidad and TobagoBissessar, Ann-Marie. The changing nexus of power in the New Public Sector Management of Trinidad and Tobago. Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of the West-IndiesInternational Journal of Public Sector Management. Web.Vol. 16ISS No.109Moonilal, Roodal Dr. A note on HRM and Its Diffusion.June 13, 2009Sutton, Paul. Public Sector Reform in Small StatesCases from the Commonwealth Caribbean. (2009)Industrial Relations in Trinidad and Tobago. Wikipidea Online. Encyclopedia Wikipedea, 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.Young, Greg. fellowship page. Web. 13 Nov. 2013Chamber of Commerce. The Current Industrial Relations Climate in Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Commerce, 2011. Web. 10 Nov 2013

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F bothing in issue is like being thrown from a horse if you let yourself go it doesnt endure as badly as if you try to save yourself. This quote, quoted by Edwin Blanchard, gives you a little taste on the conceiveing of love. Love doesnt have effective one definition like galore(postnominal) people believe, it has many definitions. Love is very complex and is needed by every human being. It doesnt mean one has to be romantically involved with another somebody love comes from people and things not realized by others. Friends, family, spouses, pets, and belongings are just around examples of love. This brings me to my most(prenominal) interesting discovery of the word love.Love is very important to everyone and is all around us. Even if you are a 40 year old man who has never been in a romantic relationship with anyone doesnt mean you have never experienced love or the whole step of it because you can love anything. By researching this word I have realized that I need love and I know that I will perpetually have whatsoever sort of love in my life. Whether its my family, friends, pets, or my favorite heels. There is an endless amount of love in this world we stick out in and there is plenty to go around.The biggest difficulty with this word was defining it. There are many thoughts and opinions on the definition of love. I dont agree with all but I found one that I believe to be very true. To me love is seeing someone at his or her worst and their best and still loving them with all their heart. It is accepting the person for who they are and not changing them. Love also includes attraction, physical and mental, but most importantly it involves commitment, respect, loyalty, and trust. You can not force these things upon people, it is a natural thing. Love has a lot to do with fate, which I believe in.The only reason why love cannot be forced is because fate will always lead you to your true love. When you find that person, you will discover that the lov e you have for that them is like some kind of attachment. They become a part of you and your life. Everything you do, you consider that one person. Love is all about caring for others. When you love someone you will do anything to pull back him or her happy, even if its just the little things. You will try to reach out to them every way that you can because you know it will exact them feel some type of joy. Why would you want to do that for just one person to feel happy? You do it because you care about them and love them. Care and love are perfect synonyms for each other. You love someone because you care about them and you care about someone because you love them. Those feelings cannot be controlled.It office sound great to be in love but there are also many negatives to being in love. There are many things in this world that are mistaken for love, and manipulated as the actual thing. One person can love another person more than the other person could love that person. Obstacle s can often get in the way of love. They can sometimes kill a relationship and the love you had for one another. Its all about fate whats meant to be, will be. And whats not meant to be will only lead you one step closer to the fate that was elect for you. But just remember that everyone will eventually find their one and true love and will live happily ever after.

Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures Essay

consequence Early encounters between American Indians and European colonists led to a variety of relationships among the different cultures. collapse how actions taken by BOTH American Indians and European colonists shaped those relationships in each of the following regions newly Eng rural area, the Chesapeake, the Spanish Southwest, and peeled York and wise France. Thesis Actions such as Bacons Rebellion, the Powhatan Wars, King Phillips War, the Encomienda, the untested England Confederation, and the fur Trade, Dutch and French. New England King Phillips War is the first supporting idea. * The New England Confederation put to the rivulet during war with Indian chieftain King Phillip (Metacom)Wampanoag Chief son of Massasoit.The impact of the war led to Native Americans effectively removed from MB, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The Chesapeake Bacons Rebellion and the Anglo-Powhatan Wars be the second supporting idea. * Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians. Bacons rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians. The Powhatan Wars were triple wars fought between Virginians, and the Powhatan in the early 17th c. War resulted in a boundary macrocosm defined between the Indians and English. The Spanish Southwest, New York and New France the Encomienda (S.W.), the New England Confederation and the Fur Trade Dutch/French (N.Y. &N.F.) is the third gear supporting idea.* Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor to build roads, buildings, and early(a) infrastructure in towns through the Encomienda carcass (S.W.) * The N.E. Confederation made specific anyy for collective security against the Indians (N.Y) * The Beaver Fur Trade led to exploration of much of N.A. coureurs de bois fur traders (N.F.) FRQ 2Topic Analyze the extent to which democratic ideals existed in compound America prior to the American Revolution. Use relevant information between the years 1607 and 1763. Thesis Democratic ideals existed in colonial America prior to the American Revolution to a larger extent with events such as the 1619 Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the 1643 NE Confederation, the 1754 Albany be after for spousal relationship, the 1713-1763 Salutary Neglect, and the 1740s Great Awakening. The 1619 Formation of the Virginia House of Burgesses is the first supporting idea. * First interpretive programassembly in America beginning of representative government. The House of Burgesses enacted legislation for the colony of Virginia. * Legislation passed by the House of Burgesses was subject to veto by the Governor, council and the directors in London. The 1643 New England Confederation is the second supporting idea.* Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth, and Massachusetts formed an organization for collective security against Indian attacks. This was an important step in creating to a greater extent unity among New England Colonies The 1754 Albany P lan for Union is the third supporting idea. * Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, this plan would have created an inter-colonial congress. It was rejected by Britain for giving too much control to the colonies. It was also rejected by the colonies who feared oppressive colonial congress. The 1713-1663 Salutary Neglect is the fourth supporting idea. * G.A. Americans enjoyed much choice regarding religious groups. Churches increasingly had to cater to the needs of their parishioners. This was an important step towards democracy. FRQ 3Topic To what extent did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? Thesis Economic, geographic, and social factors all contributed to the rise of importance for slaves in the S. colonies as their position in American community changed from 1607 and 1775. Economic Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the first supporting idea. * tobacco as brought by John Rolfe saved the colony of Jamestown. Tobacco was starting as a cash crop and with Europes desire for tobacco. Plantations were being brought out and required vast chunks of land on which to cultivate the tobacco.* Africans were better suited with their immunity to disease and their ability to work. Africans however were very expensive, but they were servants for flavor and with regulation laws, slavery in the south was important. Geographic Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the second supporting idea. * Rivers and hot weather was the backbone of the South. The south was able-bodied to plant different crops than the north. The south cultivated its most important crops, tobacco and rice. The Carolinas were best known for their rice cultivation. Here in the Carolinas, Africans were used to growing rice. amicable Factors Encouraging the growth of Slavery is the third supporting idea.* The ownership of slaves becamean important sign of wealth and status in the social hierarchy of the south. The more slaves and the big plantation someone owned, the higher up they were. Everyone who was white was automatically above blacks, as they were seen as mediocre and incapable of academic success and learning. FRQ 4Topic Compare the ways in which theology shaped the ontogeny of colonial society (to 1740) in each of the following regions New England, Chesapeake, and nerve Atlantic. Thesis During the development of Colonial America, the New England region was affected socially, politically, and economically, whereas in the Chesapeake bay it was mostly men who came over to explore the new world in search of grand however, religion in the pith Atlantic was non as much of a necessity therefore had less of an overall effect on society. trust shaping colonial society in New England is the first supporting idea. * The New England region settlers were escaping Englands unification of religion and government. During the mid 1600s just about 20,000 colonists settled in the New England region. This religious driven movement was called, the Great Migration. * The Puritans were a hard working, god-fearing people. New Englanders established small farms, on which they raise corn and wheat, sheep, beef cattle, vegetables, and dairy cattle. Religion shaping colonial society in the Chesapeake is the second supporting idea.* The Chesapeake colonies did not focus much on religion because it was mostly populated by business men trying to make a living in the New World. There were also more Atheists in the Chesapeake because of the low life expectancy causing people to not believe in God as a savior. Religion shaping colonial society in the Middle Atlantic is the third supporting idea. * Founded on the idea of a safe haven for all sorts of religions, particularly Pennsylvania. In the New Netherlands (later renamed New York in 1664) Ethnic and religious differences prevented a development of a strong sense of community in the 1620s-1640s * Dutch West India Company more interested in profits than keeping order, so New Netherlands was founded for economic purposes and its origins in trade explain its diversity, including Dutch, German, French, English, Swedish, Portuguese, African, Calvinist, Lutheran, Quaker, Catholic, Jew, Muslim. FRQ 5Topic To what extent did the three regions of colonial America develop separate societies in the years prior to the American Revolution? Thesis Though there were many similarities in the development of the New England, Middle and Southern Colonies, they were very different politically, socially, and economically. The New England Colonies is the first supporting idea.* The New England colonies were a Theocracy, which means the government was run basically by the church. * The New England Colonies supported each other to create a one-class system middle class. * Although some New England farmers exported grain and livestock, many could barely feed themselves and their families because the poor mark made farming difficult. * New Englanders therefore turned to alternative occupations, trading with the West Indies and developing fishing, small manufacturing, and shipbuilding The Middle Colonies is the second supporting idea.* The Middle Colonies had their government and church separated. * Had a two-class system which consisted of upper class landowners and middle class professionals living in large cities. * Economy grains, livestock, ship building, shipping.The Southern Colonies is the third supporting idea.* Had the least autonomy since they were an Oligarchy. This meant that the wealthy plantation owners controlled the government because they were the only people who could manage to pay for all their own expenses. * Had a strict three class system upper class wealthy plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, lower class poor whites and a tribe of Blacks which were not considered a class at all. * Their economy was shaped around the growing of to bacco, rice, and the slave trade. FRQ 6Topic geography was the primary factor in shaping the development of the British colonies in North America. Assess the validity of this statement for the 1600s. Thesis Geography played an important role in the fashioning of the British colonies in North America. In some areas, the geographyinfluenced the living and farming conditions for the better, and for some areas, for the worse. Geography in the New England is the first supporting idea.* The land on which the New England colonies were situated was rocky, heavily forested, and therefore, not suited for planting. The cold climate did not help. As a result, New Englands economy did not depend on the land as much as other colonies did. Instead of making their living by farming, New Englanders were loggers, fishers, whalers, and shipbuilders. Geography in the Middle Colonies is the second supporting idea.* The Middle colonies, however, fared off much better. The Middle colonies land was very fertile and very much suited for farming and planting. The climate was warm, too. So of course the Middle Colonies were nicknamed the Breadbasket Colonies They produced the majority of the bread and wheat of all the British colonies. They also had a good amount of iron ore in their land. Geography in the Southern Colonies is the third supporting idea. * The Southern colonies geography was well-suited to farming, too. It was warm year round and provided a great place to produce cotton, indigo, rice, and many other crops.